元音 (20个 | 单元音 12个 | 前 元 音(4个) | [i:] | [ɪ] | [e] | [æ] | |||||||
后 元 音(5个) | [ɑː] | [ɔ:] | [ɒ] | [uː] | [ʊ] | ||||||||
中 元 音(3个) | [ʌ] | [ɜː] | [ə] | ||||||||||
双元音8个 | 合口双元音(5个) | [eɪ] | [əʊ] | [aɪ] | [aʊ] | [ɔɪ] | |||||||
集中双元音(3个) | [ɪə] | [ʊə] | [eə] | ||||||||||
辅音 (28个) | 清 辅 音(11个) | [p] | [t] | [k] | [f] | [s] | [θ] | [ʃ] | [tʃ] | [tr] | [ts] | [h] | |
浊 辅 音(17个) | [b] | [d] | [g] | [v] | [z] | [ð] | [ʒ] | [dʒ] | [dr] | [dz] | [l] | ||
[m] | [n] | [ŋ] | [j] | [w] | [r] |
/i:/ | bee/bi:/ feet/fi:t/ keep/ki:p/ key/ki:/ team/ti:m/ meet/mi:t/ |
/i/ | it /it/ big/big/ city/siti/ give/giv/ sick/sik/ |
/e/ | get/get/ best/best/ text/tekst/ help/help/ |
/æ/ | fat/fæt/ have/hæv/ cat/kæt/ back/bæk/ hat/hæt/ |
/a:/ | laugh/la:f/ glass/gla:s/ half/ha:f/ farm/fa:m/ park/pa:k/ |
/ ɔ:/ | horse/hɔ: s/ saw/sɔ:/ corn/kɔ:n/ course/kɔ:s/ salt/sɔ:t/ |
/ ɔ / | dog/dɔg/ pot/pɔt/ cost/kɔst/ what/wɔt/ honest/′ɔnist/ |
/u:/ | food/fu:d/ moon/mu:n/ rule/ru:l/ loose/lu:s/ noon/nu:n/ |
/u/ | book/buk/ put/put/ good/gud/ would/wud/ could/kud/ |
/ ʌ / | must/mʌst/ does/dʌz/ money/′mʌni/ ugly/′ʌgli/ come/kʌm/ |
/ə:/ | nurse/nə:s/ bird/bə:d/ burn/bə:n/ turn/tə:n/ girl/gə:l/ |
/ə / | better/betə/ never/nevə/ worker/wə:kə/ welcome/welkəm/ |
/ei/ | may/mei/ name/neim/ game/geim/ eight/eit/ age/eidʒ/ |
/əu/ | no/nəu/ home/həum/ hope/həup/ wrote/rəut/ note/nəut/ pose/pəuz/ |
/ai/ | eye/ai/ time/taim/ buy/bai/ right/rait/ bike/baik/ kite/kait/ |
/au/ | now/nau/ out/aut/ how/hau/ about/ ə′baut/ south/sauθ/ house/haus/ |
/ɔi/ | boy/bɔi/ toy/tɔi/ noise/nɔiz/ voice/vɔis/ point/pɔint/ coin/kɔin/ |
/iə/ | ear/iə/ near/niə/ idea/ai′diə/ hear/hiə/ mere/miə/ spear/spiə/ |
/εə/ | air/εə/ tear/tεə/ care/kεə/ dare/dεə/ fair/fεə/ there/ðεə/ |
/uə/ | tour/tuə/ poor/puə/ sure/ʃuə/ moor/muə/ your/juə/ |
/p/ | pea/pi:/ pie/pai/ top/tɔp/ cap/kæp/ people/pi:pl/ pride/praid/ |
/b/ | bee/bi:/ by/bai/ buy/bai/ black/blæk/ bear/bεə/ |
/t/ | let/let/ sat/sæt/ feet/fi:t/ team/ti:m/ tide/taid/ |
/d/ | led/led/ sad/sæd/ feed/fi:d/ do/du:/ dear/diə/ |
/k/ | lack/læk/ take/teik/ clock/klɔk/ class/kla:s/ weekend/′wi:kend/ |
/g/ | big/big/ lag/læg/ glass/gla:s/ gum/gʌm/ good/gud/ guest/gest/ |
/f/ | face/feis/ fast/fa:st/ leaf/li:f/ surf/sə:f/ favorite/′feivərit/ |
/v/ | very/′veri/ five/faiv/ fever/′fi:və/ serve/sə:v/ never/′nevə/ |
/θ/ | bath/ba:θ/(洗澡) thick/θik/ mouth/mauθ/ breath/breθ/(n呼吸) thought/θɔ:t/ author/´ɔθə/ truth/tru:θ/ |
/ð/ | the/ ðə/ they/ðei/ that/ðæt/ mother/′mʌðə/ thus/ ðʌs/ then/ðen/ |
/s/ face/feis/ mouse/maus/ cakes/keiks/ caps/kæps/ likes/laiks/ stops/stɔps/ | |
/z/ close/kləuz/ keys/ki:z/ boys/bɔiz/ pens/penz/ halves/ha:vz/ | |
/tʃ/ catch/kætʃ/ cheep/tʃi:p/ rich/ritʃ/ watch/wtʃ/ child/tʃaild/ question/kwestʃən/ teach/ti:tʃ/ challenge/tʃlindʒ/ | |
/dʒ/ orange/′ɔridʒ/ large/la:dʒ/ juice/dʒu:s/ job/dʒɔb/ | |
/tr/ tree/tri:/ try/trai/ true/tru:/ trouble/traubl/ track/træk/ | |
/dr/ dry/drai/ dream/dri:m/ dress/dres/ drink/driŋk/ hundred/′hʌndrid/ | |
/ʃ/ she/ʃi:/ sharp/ʃa:p/ fish/fiʃ/ shock/ʃɔk/ shoe/ʃu:/ | |
/ʒ/ pleasure/′pleʒə/ measure/′meʒə/ television/′teliviʒən/ | |
/ts/ let′s/lets/ sports/spɔ:ts/ puts/puts/ writes/raits/ seats/si:ts/ | |
/dz/ hands/hændz/ birds/bə:dz/ friends/freindz/ beds/bedz/ stands/stændz/ | |
/h/ he/ hi:/ hard/ha:d/ him/him/ heard/hə:d/ half/ha:f/ | |
/l/ like/laik/ late/leit/ learn/lə:n/ lead/li:d/ light/lait/ | |
/m/ my/mai/ more/mɔ:/ seem/si:m/ meat/mi:t/ mind/maind/ men/men/ | |
/n/ nice/nais/ wind/waind/ mind/maind/ rain/rein/ fine/fain/ | |
/ŋ/ sing/siŋ/ wing/wiŋ/ ring/riŋ/ long/lɔŋ/ beautiful/bju:təfl/ | |
/j/ you/ju:/ few/fju:/ yard/ja:d/ music/′mju:zik/ student/′stju:dnt/ excuse/ik′skju:z/ | |
/w/ work/wə:k/ way/wei/ well/wel/ what/wɔt/ twelve/twelv/ twin/twin/ | |
/r/ red/red/ road/rəud/ write/rait/ wrong/rɔŋ/ problem/′prɔbləm/ |
音标综合练习 1./i:/ /i/ /e/ /æ/
/bit/ /wi:k/ /di:l/ /riəl/ /kid/ /dig/ /kwik/ /tip/ /zip/ /rid/ /wil/ /fil/ bit week deal real kid dig quick tip zip rid will fill /pet/ /pæk/ /gæp/ /kæg/ /næg/ /ræm/ /bætl/ /sed/ /′hæpi/ /ten/ /red/ pet pack gap cap nag ram battle said happy ten red /′setl/ /træʃ/ /di′pend/ settle trash depend 2./a:/ / ɔ:/ / ɔ / /u:/ /u/
/a:sk/ /ma:sk/ /pa:st/ /fra:ns/ /ɔd/ /lɔ:n/ /nɔ:t/ /pɔ:z/ /fɔks/ /sɔk/ ask mask past France odd lawn naught pause fox sock /fa:/ /la:dʒ / /ma:k/ /lɔ:d/ /tɔ:/ /stɔ:m/ /pɔt/ /krɔp/ /θɔt/ /prɔmis/ far large mark Lord torch storm pot crop thought promise /huk/ /lu:s/ /sut/ /tuk/ /mud/ /θru:/ /pul/ /wud/ hook loose soot took mood through pull wood 3./ʌ/ /ə/ /ə/
/bʌz/ /dʌl/ /′hʌri/ /gʌlf/ /′trʌbl/ /ə:n/ /sə:f/ /′tə:nə/ /′begə/ /tʌk/ buss dull hurry gulf trouble earn surf turner begger tuck /kə:b/ /ə:k/ /ə′merik / /′sɔkə/ /′kæmpə/ /sə′vei/ /pə′veid/ /pə′hæps/ curb irk America soccer camper survey pervade perhaps /bə:′lesk/ /′mə:də/ burlesque murder 3./ei/ /əu/ /ai/ /au/ /ɔi/
/keip/ /greit/ /mein/ /prəpəuz/ /′məuʃən/ /stəun/ /′əuvə/ /sait/ kape great main propose motion stone over sight /raim/ /daut/ /′taipist/ /aust/ /mɔist/ /′ɔistə/ rhyme doubt typist oust moist oyster 4./iə/ /ɛə/ /uə/
/viə/ /ə′fɛə/ /dɛə/ /skɛə/ /buən/ /guəd/ /′ruərəl/ /ə′piə/ /kəlʌmbiə/ veer affair dare scare bourn gourd rural appear Colombia
/mətiəriəl/ /mistiəriəs/ material mysterious 5./θ/ /ð/
/mʌnθ/ /θi:f/ /ðæt/ /ðæn/ /feiθ/ /tə′geðə/ /θæŋk/ /ðəm′selvz/ month thief that than faith together thank themselves
1.关于语音的几个概念
1)字母:语言的书写形式。元音字母a, e, i(y), o, u, 2)音标:词的语音形式。
3)音素:音的最小的单位。英语中有48音素。
4)音节:由元音和辅音构成的发音单位。ap'ple, stu'dent, tea'cher, un'der'stand
5)元音:发音响亮,是乐音;口腔中气流不收阻碍;是构成音节的主要音。英语中有20元音。 6)辅音:发音不响亮,是噪音;口腔中气流受到阻碍;不是构成音节的主要音。英语中有28辅音。 7)开音节:a) 辅音+元音+辅音+e name bike ;b) 辅音+元音 he, go, hi 8)闭音节:a) 辅音+元音+辅音 bad, bed, sit, hot, cup; b)元音+辅音it 9)重读音节:单词中发音特别响亮的音节。
2. 元音:(注意:下面空方括号是电脑无法输入的音标) 1)[i:] sea, he, see, piece, ceiling 2)[i] sit, build, miss, myth 3)[e] bed, desk, head,
4)[æ] bad, land, bank, stamp
5)[a:] car, fast, class, plant, calm, aunt 6)[ɔ] hot, want
7)[ ɔ:] door, more, sport, ball, warm, author, court, bought, caught 8)[u:] good, who, blue, soup, 9)[u] look, put, women, could 10)[Λ] cup, come, blood, rough
11)[ə:] girl, work, serve, nurse
12)[ə] cadre, ago, forget, polite, dollar, doctor, famous, Saturday 13)[ei] cake, they, play, eight, great,
14)[ai] bike, die, neither, light, try, find, height, eye 15)[əu] phone, cold, boat, soul, grow 16)[au] house, town 17)[ɔi] boy, oil
18)[iə] dear, idea, deer, here, fierce, 19)[εə] pear, care, there, fair 20)[uə] tour, poor, 3. 容易混淆的元音
1)[e] [æ] bed bad; men, man; pen, pan; lend land 2)[i:] [ei] real rail; greet, great; mean, main; read raid 3)[e] [ai] bet bite; red write; said side, head, hide
4)[au] [ɔ:] house horse; loud lord; south sauce; now nor; count corn; cloud clause 5)[au] [Λ] found fond; gown gone; down don 4. 辅音 1)[p] pen,
2)[b] bed, comb 3)[t] tell,
4)[d], day, played, wanted
5)[k] cold, sky, quick, school, back, accept, box 6)[g] big, go, guess, language 7)[m] man
8)[n] nine, knife, autumn
9)[η] bank, uncle, English, sing, 10)[l] land, world 11)[r] read, write,
12)[f] five, cough, laugh 13)[v] voice, of 14)[θ] think, 15)[ ð] this, bathe
16)[s] sit, miss, science, case, scarf 17)[z] zoo, close,
18)[∫] sure, she, social, nation 19)[/] pleasure,
20)[h] hot, who, hour 21)[w] wall, what, answer 22)[j] yes
23)[t∫] child, teach, catch 24)[d/] joke, bridge, 25)[ts] boats 26)[dz] goods 27)[tr] tree
28)[dr] dream
5. 容易混淆的辅音
1)[v] [w] vet wet; vest west; vine wine; very well
2)[s] [θ] sink think; sort thought; miss myth; mass math 3)[z] [ð] closing clothing; breeze breathe; bays bathes
4)[n] [η] thin thing; sin sing; ban bang win wing; ran rang 6. 读音规则
1)重读音节(见元音和辅音的例句)
2)非重读音节 [ə] banana, student, today, after, [i] orange, secret, evening, very, Monday 7. 特殊读音
1)音的连读:not at all, half an hour, I love you and all. after all
2)失去爆破:good girl, good student, good job, expression, school, extreme 3)音的同化:this year, Would you do it? Can't you see it? 8. 重音 1)单词重音 A)双音节词
a)一般在第一个音节重读。letter, sorry
b)有 a-, be-, de-, re-, res-, in-, im-, en-, em-, es-, ex-, con-, com-, dis-, mis-, pre-, per-, pro-, trans- 等前缀的词,第二个音节是重音。
a'bout, be'lieve, ad'dress, de'cide, re'port, con'demn, res'pect, com'pare, in'form, dis'cuss, im'press, mis'take, en'force, pre'pare, em'ploy, per'mit, es'cape, pro'duce, ex'claim,trans'late
c)有 de-, in-, re-, con-, pre- 等前缀的重音与词义和词类有关, 一般名词的重音在第一个音节上,其它的词性在第二个音节上。
'record, re'cord; 'insult, in'sult; 'conduct, con'duct; 'present pre'sent; 'content, con'tent d)有些复合词和带有前缀 re-, ex-, un-, pre-, post-, 等的词,有两个重音。 'out'side, 're'tell, 'well-'known, 'un'real, 'fif'teen, 'Chi'nese, 'pre-'war, 'post-'war B)多音节词
a)一般倒数第三个音节是重音。'difficult, 'communist, 'family, e'conomy, oppor'tunity,de'mocracy. b)有一些双音节词,加了前缀和后缀成了多音节,但这些词按原来词根的重音读音。
'carefully, in'definite, 'comfortable, con'ductor, ac'cording, dis'turbance, 'complicated,es'tablishment,
c)词尾有-eous, -grahpy, -ial, -ian, -ic, -ics, -ience, ient, -ify, -ion, -ious, -ity, ive 后缀的词,重音在这些后缀的前一个音节上。
cour'teous, cal'ligraphy, edi'torial, his'torian, peri'odic, mathe'matics, ex'perience,suf'ficient, i'dentify, trans'lation, re'ligious, curi'osity, pro'tective
d)词尾有 -ain, -ee, -eer, -ese, -ette 后缀的词,重音在该后缀上,而且有一个次重音。enter'tain, emplo'yee, mountai'neer, Japa'nese, ciga'rette 2)句子重音
A) 英语的节奏:(轻)-轻-重-轻-(轻)或重-轻-(轻)(轻)重
B) 英语句子的长短:是由句子中的重读词的数目决定的,而不是象汉语那样由句子中的汉字数目决定的。 C) 实词重读(副词重读),虚词轻读(冠词,单音节介词,单音节连词,人称代词,反代词,物主代词,关系代词,相互代词,助动词,情态动词和系动词be. D) 实词不重读的特殊情况 a) 实词第二次出现
He thinks of that as a child thinks. b) 一个名词被第二个名词修饰 I met her in the railway station. c) 代替词
Which book do you want? The small one. d) 感叹词中的 what 和how
What a good day it is! How beautiful she is! e) street 在专有名词中 Wangfujing Street.
f) this在这些短语中,this morning/afternoon/evening E)虚词重读的特殊情况
a) 情态动词,助动词和系动词be在句首,句尾和否定时。
Do you like it? Yes, I do. Are you a doctor? Yes, I am. Can you help me? Yes, I can. I don't like you. He isn't a worker.
b) 情态动词表示可能,惊奇和肯定时。
They may come this evening. Can it be five already? He must be in the room. c) 介词在句首和句尾。
In the box, he found a letter. He is the person I talked with. d) 引导复合句的连词在句首。
If you wish, I'll visit you. When he comes, I'll tell him. e)反身代词表示强调。 He couldn't come himself.
英语发音连读的规则
连读的条件:相邻的两词在意义上必须密切相关,同属一个意群。连读所构成的音节一般都不重读,只需顺其自然地一带而过,不可读得太重,也不可音。(连读符号:~) (1)"辅音+元音"型连读
在同一个意群里,如果相邻两词中的前一个词是以辅音结尾,后一个词是以元音开头,这就要将辅音与元音拼起来连读。
I'm~an~English boy. It~is~an~old book.
Let me have~a look~at~it.
Ms Black worked in~an~office last~yesterday. I called~you half~an~hour~ago. Put~it~on, please. Not~at~all.
Please pick~it~up.
(2)"r/re+元音"型连读
如果前一个词是以-r或者-re结尾,后一个词是以元音开头,这时的r或re不但要发/r/,而且还要与后面的元音拼起来连读。
They're my father~and mother. I looked for~it here~and there. There~is a football under~it.
There~are some books on the desk.
Here~is a letter for you. Here~are four~eggs. But where~is my cup?
Where~are your brother~and sister?
但是,如果一个音节的前后都有字母r,即使后面的词以元音开头,也不能连读。 The black clouds are coming nearer and nearer.(nearer与and不可连读) (3)"辅音+半元音"型连读
英语语音中的/j/和/w/是半元音,如果前一个词是以辅音结尾,后一个词是以半元音,特别是/j/开头,此时也要连读。 Thank~you.
Nice to meet~you.
Did~you get there late~again? Would~you like~a cup~of tea? Could~you help me, please?
"音的同化"
—常把/d/+/j/读成/dV/,did you听上成了/dIdVu/,would you成了/wudVu/,could you成了/kudVu/。
(4)"元音+元音"型连读如果前一个词以元音结尾,后一个词以元音开头,这两个音往往也要自然而不间断地连读到一起。 I~am Chinese.
He~is very friendly to me. She wants to study~English.
How~and why did you come here? She can't carry~it.
It'll take you three~hours to walk there.
The question is too~easy for him to answer. (5)当短语或从句之间按意群进行停顿时,意群与意群之间即使有两个相邻的辅音与元音出现,也不可连读。 Is~it a~hat or a cat?(hat与or之间不可以连读)
There~is~a good book in my desk. (book与in之间不可以连读) Can you speak~English or French? (English与or之间不可以连读)
Shall we meet at~eight or ten tomorrow morning? (meet与 at,eight与or之间不可以连读) She opened the door and walked~in. (door与and之间不可以连读) 失去爆破6个爆破音有3对/p/,/b/,/t/,/d/,/k/,/g/
失去爆破,又叫不完全爆破,就是在某些情况下,只须做出发音的准备,但并不发音,稍稍停顿后就发后面的音。
(1)"爆破音+爆破音"型
6个爆破音中的任意2个相临时,前一个爆破音会失去爆破,即由相关的发音器官做好这个发音的姿势,稍做停顿后即发后面的爆破音。
The girl in the re(d) coat was on a bla(ck) bike jus(t) now. The bi(g) bus from the fa(c) tory is full of people. Wha(t) time does he get up every morning? This is an ol(d) pi(c)ture of a bi(g) car. The ol(d) do(c)tor has a ca(t), too.
We're going to work on a farm nex(t) Tuesday.
What would you like, ho(t) tea or bla(ck) coffee? It's a very col(d) day, but it's a goo(d) day. You can put i(t) down in the bi(g) garden.
I bought a chea(p) book, but it's a goo(d) book.
(2)"爆破音+摩擦音"型如果前面是爆破音,其后紧跟着某些摩擦音(如/f/,/s/,/W/,/T/等),那么前面那个爆破音仅有十分轻微的爆破,而后面那个摩擦音则要完全爆破。
6个爆破音有3对/p/,/b/,/t/,/d/,/k/,/g/失去爆破,又叫不完全爆破,就是在某些情况下,只须做出发音的准备,但并不发音,稍稍停顿后就发后面的音。
(1)"爆破音+爆破音"型6个爆破音中的任意2个相临时,前一个爆破音会失去爆破,即由相关的发音器官做好这个发音的姿势,稍做停顿后即发后面的爆破音。 The girl in the re(d) coat was on a bla(ck) bike jus(t) now. The bi(g) bus from the fa(c) tory is full of people. Wha(t) time does he get up every morning? This is an ol(d) pi(c)ture of a bi(g) car. The ol(d) do(c)tor has a ca(t), too.
We're going to work on a farm nex(t) Tuesday. What would you like, ho(t) tea or bla(ck) coffee? It's a very col(d) day, but it's a goo(d) day. You can put i(t) down in the bi(g) garden.
I bought a chea(p) book, but it's a goo(d) book.
(2)"爆破音+摩擦音"型如果前面是爆破音,其后紧跟着某些摩擦音(如/f/,/s/,/W/,/T/等),那么前面那个爆破音仅有十分轻微的爆破,而后面那个摩擦音则要完全爆破。 Goo(d) morning, Mr. Bell. Goo(d) morning, dear.
Uncle Li's fa(c)tory is qui(te) near to the cinema. I wen(t) there alone a(t) nine las(t) night.
-Do you know his bi(ke) number? -Sorry, I don'(t) know. The forty-firs(t) lesson is qui(te) difficult. Goo(d) luck, Lin Tao